Hepatitis B :: essays research papers

Risk Factors for HBV Infection Although relatively rare in the United States, hepatitis B is endemic in parts of Asia where hundreds of millions of individuals may be infected. HBV is transmitted horizontally by blood and blood products and sexual transmission. It is also transmitted vertically from mother to infant in the perinatal period which is a major mode of transmission in regions where hepatitis B is endemic. The blood supply in developed countries has been screened for HBV for many years and at present transmission by blood transfusion is extremely rare. Major routes of transmission among adults in Western countries are intravenous drug use and sexual contact. The risk of HBV infection is notably high in promiscuous homosexual men but it is also transmitted sexually from men to women and women to men. Transmission is probably prevented by correct use of condoms. Health care workers and patients receiving hemodialysis are also at increased risk of infection. Effective vaccines are available for the prevention of HBV infection. All individuals at risk for infection should be vaccinated. Post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin is also effective for non-immune individuals after a known exposure (e. g. needle stick). Consequences of HBV Infection HBV causes acute and chronic hepatitis. The chances of becoming chronically infected depends upon age. About 90% of infected neonates and 50% of infected young children will become chronically infected. In contrast, only about 5% to 10% of immunocompetent adults infected with HBV develop chronic hepatitis B. In some individuals who become chronically infected, especially neonates and children, the acute infection will not be clinically apparent. Acute hepatitis B can range from subclinical disease to fulminant hepatic failure in about 2% of cases. Many acutely infected individuals develop clinically apparent acute hepatitis with loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and jaundice. In cases of fulminant hepatic failure from acute HBV infection, orthotopic liver transplantation can be life-saving. About 90% to 95% of acutely infected adults recover without sequelae. About 5% to 10% of acutely infected adults become chronically infected. The natural history of chronic HBV infection can vary dramatically between individuals. Some will develop a condition commonly referred to as a chronic carrier state. These patients, who are still potentially infectious, have no symptoms and no abnormalities on laboratory testing. Nonetheless, some of these patients will have evidence of hepatitis on liver biopsy. Some individuals with chronic hepatitis B will have clinically insignificant or minimal liver disease and never develop complications.

Bible Dictionary Project Template Essay

Old Testament Bible Dictionary Project: Genesis is the book of beginnings. It tells the story of the beginning of the human race, in general and the beginning of the Hebrew race. The Hebrew Bible titles the book bereshith (â€Å"in the beginning†) The Author: Moses, and the Recipients: Israelites, Date: 1445 BC. (â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† Gen 1:1) Genesis introduces God is an absolute personal being who cares about his creation and the human struggle of the fallen world. God speaks, creates, calls, blesses, promises, and visits his creation. Genesis tells the story of the successes and failures of his people like Adam and Eve, Noah’s family, Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacobs’s wives and his twelve sons. Genesis shows its heroes as they really were. Genesis covers more time than any other biblical book. Genesis also emphasizes the importance of the Abrahamic Covenant, which gave Israel a right to the land (Gen 15: 18-21) the book was written so Moses, generation would trust God by better understanding Israel’s past Heritage, Present Purpose, and Future Destiny as they anticipated entrance into the Promised Land. The first two chapters of Genesis describe Gods original work of creation (Gen 1:1-2:25) The biblical description of creation is â€Å"EX nihilo† (from nothing) The beginning of Genesis is to teach us about the of all that God created and the rest of the book is about Patriarchal History (Gen 11; 10-50:26) Genesis 1 and 2 explain the good within the world, Genesis 3 explains the bad within the world. Genesis quickly moves from the world as God made it, to the world as we know it today. It traces how the human race, spoiled by Adam and Eve’s first sin, steadily deteriorated as it  increasingly ignored God until he decided to wipe out everyone and start over again. Abraham, The adventure begins with the friend of God. His name was Abram, and later he was called Abraham (â€Å"Great Father†) Abraham was from UR. One of the great cities of Sumerian civilization, Abraham worshipped the moon God before he met the living God. Abraham was born (c.1800 BC.) and died at the age of 175, and he was buried in a cave in Hebron. (Gen 13:18, 25: 7-10) When God asked Abraham to help him with his plan for the world, Abraham was 75 years old and his wife Sarah was 65 years old. They didn’t have any children, but God promised them a child of their own if Abraham trusted and believed the plan God had for their life. Abraham left UR, to follow the will that God had planned for his life. So he traveled north until he reached Canaan, the land to which God was leading him. God said if you do this for me, I promise you that you will have your own family and your descendants would become a great nation. (Gen 12:1-3, 15:5) And through him every nation on earth will be blessed through him. (Gen12:3, 18:16-19) So now Abraham was just a wandering traveler of the land that would one day belong to his descendants forever (Gen 15:12-21) However for these promises to come true, Abraham needed a son, and needed to trust in God and God only. Abraham and Sarah got tired of waiting on God, so Abraham fathered Ishmael by the handmaid Hager. That was not Gods plan, it was the plain of Sarah because she did not believe Gods plan. Abraham learned that only God could bring about what had been promised to him. And so it was, at that ripe old age of 90 years old, Abraham’s wife had a son (Isaac) just as God had promised. The Promise and family had begun and everyone was overjoyed. And years later God tested Abraham’s faith in the promise, and asked Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac, Abraham was afraid but got his son Isaac and told the servants they will return, and so it was. He passed the test of faith. Canaan (KAY nunn), was during the 2nd millennium BC, Its original pre- Israelite inhabitants were called Canaanites. Canaan area variously defined in Historical Biblical Literature, but always centered on Palestine. The human habitation of coastal Canaan can be traced back to Paleolithic and Mesolithic times 8,000 BC, The Promised Land Canaan that was later to be  called (Israel) this is the land God chose for his people. God could have chosen anywhere on earth to start outworking his plan, but chose this tiny land. The land was between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea and north of Philistia, Old name for Palestine. Canaan was a place to potentially influence sitting as it did, at the crossroads of all the great trade routed in the ancient times. In Canaan, God gave Abraham three big promises. That his descendants would become a great nation (Gen 12:1-3, 15:5) That every nation on earth would be blessed through him (Gen 12:3,18:16-19) That the land where he was now just a wandering traveler, would one day belong to his descendants forever (Gen:15:12-21) But God didn’t say it was going to be easy. Before it became the Promised Land. It went though many challenges.† Canaan† Encompassing all of the Palestine and Syria, sometimes only the land west of the Jordon River, and sometimes just a strip of coastal land northward, The Israelites occupied and conquered Palestine or Canaan, beginning in the late 2nd millemium BC. Or perhaps earlier, and the Bible justifies such occupation by identifying Canaan with the Promised Land, the land promised to the Israelites by God. 2013 Ed Hindson ISBN:978-1-4336-8221-6 2006 Mike Beaumont ISBN:978-0-7459-5628-2 2003 Ed Hindson ISBN13:978-089957132-4 ISBN10:0-88957-132-8 2000 Karen Dockrey,Johnnie Godwin ISBN:978-1-57748-485-6

The First Crusade - 1486 Words

Prop-Urban-Ganda The Second Known for his speeches, Hitler was a big believer in using words to change opinions. He said in one speech that â€Å"It is always more difficult to fight against faith than against knowledge.† By using faith for his benefit, he gave people something to fight for, and connected them and their faith to their â€Å"mission† by using propaganda, and speeches, and never stopped persuading people to join his movement. Another person who used faith to help accomplish a goal was Pope Urban the second, the initiator of the first Crusade. Pope Urban said that God wanted the Christians to fight for Jerusalem during the Crusades, and gave the people a reason to fight. He said to â€Å"Undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven!†, and gave his people a chance to â€Å"redeem† themselves of their sins. Both Pope Urban and Hitler tried to pulverize the Jewish nation. The Crusades, si milar to the Holocaust, was a war against everyone different led by stubborn leaders; however, unlike the Holocaust, the Crusades were part of a religious war, led by a religious Christian leader. Hitler came from a poor background, and grew from his surroundings, becoming a huge figure in Germany. Baptized, he was born Catholic on April 20, 1889, and lived east of Munich. He lived a frugal life, and was a good student in the monastery school. He was born into a peasant family, and began life withShow MoreRelatedThe First Crusade And The Crusade1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe first crusade started in autumn of 1095. Pope Urban II initiated the first crusade by calling upon his Christians to reclaim the city of Jerusalem. The Crusade was also meant to seek revenge on the followers of Islam. The followers were accused of committing crimes against â€Å"Christendom†. Pope Urbans crusade was made possible by the work of St. Augustine on Christian Violence in the past. Many Christians joined the crusade because the Pope promised rewards for the afterlife. After the fourthRead MoreThe First Crusade And The Crusade1582 Words   |  7 Pagesdeciding the course of history in medieval Europe, one of the most influential events was the First Crusade. The events that occurred set in motion a fundamental change in European society, religion, and politics, and the ramifications have been thoroughly examined. In spite of the significant body of scholarship on this crusade, and the extensive documentation from medieval sources, many elements of the First Crusade still are debated or remain uncertain. One such aspect is the role that religion and sincereRead MoreThe First Crusade And The Crusades1974 Words   |  8 PagesAs the historian John Riley Smith points out â€Å"The First Crusade was a violent and brutal episode during which the crusaders cut out a swathe of suffering through Europe and Western Asia.† In this description of the First Crusade (1095/6- 1099) Smith makes it difficult for us to see and, or uncover any elements of pilgrimage in the crusaders actions. However, there are many different ways in which the crusades have been described, the historian Christopher Tyerman on the other hand, steers towardsRead MoreThe Crusades : The First Crusade Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Crusades, I only come out of them with a vague understanding of the situation. So, I sought out to gain a greater understanding through the vision of the question, Was the first crusade a success, and if so, what made it a success? Using The Crusades: A Reader, specifically the writings and documents from pages 33-79, I will make a decision based on specific occurrences and their ultimate goal (CITE SOURCE WITH FULL CITATION).I plan on picking out important aspects of the first crusade andRead MoreThe First Crusade1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Crusade â€Æ' A mass of men, numbering roughly 100,000, marched out of Europe and toward Jerusalem and were victorious against masses of Islamic armies. In July of 1099AD, Jerusalem would fall out of the hands of the Turks for the first time in centuries, and the First Crusade would also serve to frame the make-up of nobility across Europe and help shape the middle ages altogether. The view of the Crusades, like many major events of history, are often known without being truly understoodRead MoreThe First Crusade During The Crusades1721 Words   |  7 Pageshe subject of the crusades is still a very controversial topic that spans across various time periods and has religious, social, and political implications. The first crusade started off as a widespread pilgrimage that ended as a military expedition resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. The crusades initiated from a call from help from Alexius for the protection of Constantinople and the recovery of Anatolia. For centuries textbooks have repeated with routine regularity, that the immediateRead MoreThe First Crusades During The Crusades1771 Words   |  8 PagesBritish Literature A 29 January 2016 The First Crusades The First Crusades were military planned missions planned by Christian leaders; the proclaimed purpose was to recover Jerusalem as well as Antioch, which were in an area known as the Holy Land, from the controls of Turks. The reason why they feature so prominently in history is because they were one of the longest battles in history. All three of the Crusades lasted about 200 years. Additionally, the Crusades were a major reason for why Europe cameRead MoreThe First Crusade1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Crusade As the year 1000A.D. was approaching the strength of Christianity in Western Europe was growing along with its population. The newly reformed and organized Church began to gain great power. A new Europe was being born with the Catholic Church as a force in every area of life. In Christian beliefs, the savior, Jesus Christ was to return to earth and bring judgment on its people. Many clergy members along with lay people believed this would take place in the year 1000A.D. Read More The First Crusade Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pages The First Crusade nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As the year 1000A.D. was approaching the strength of Christianity in Western Europe was growing along with its population. The newly reformed and organized Church began to gain great power. A new Europe was being born with the Catholic Church as a force in every area of life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Christian beliefs, the savior, Jesus Christ was to return to earth and bring judgment on its people. Many clergy members along with lay peopleRead MoreThe Rise Of The First Crusade1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Crusade was organized in 1096 by the decision of Pope Urban II at the request of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I with the aim of helping the Eastern Christians in the defense of Anatolia (Asia Minor) from the onset of the Seljuks. During the campaign, further objective turned out to be the liberation of the holy city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. Initially, the Pope`s appeal was addressed only to the French knights, but, later, the Crusade turned into a full-scale military